The Psychology of Post-Conventional Morality and Martin...

Introduction Morals, as defined by psychologist, are the attitudes and beliefs held by individuals that aid in the determination or what is right and what is wrong (Hock 142). It is believed that what is deemed moral is determined by our culture and the norms present in that culture. It is also believed that we are not born with an established set of morals; instead, we must gain this outline of what is moral throughout our childhood and adolescence and into adulthood. In order to properly analyze the extent Bandura social learning theory plays in the attainment of level three, stage six, of Kohlberg’s moral development theory the theories of Kohlberg and Bandura must be properly outlined. The application of these theories will then by†¦show more content†¦It has been theorized that identification is usually linked to liking a model. Rewards and Punishments also contribute to motivation of an observer, if there are incentives or repercussions for a behavior it is more likely to be repeated or halted. The last factor of motivation is liking and/or likeness to a model; a model that is well liked by the observer is more likely to be imitated as well as a model most similar to the observer themselves. The Application of Kohlberg and Bandura The remainder of this essay will focus on the argument that Kohlberg’s stage six can be attained through Bandura’s social learning theory, which may be observed through history, rather than firsthand observation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a great moral leader who progressed to the final stage of Kohlberg’s moral development stage theory through the observation of another great moral leader, Mohandas Gandhi. Bandura argues that social learning theory must be observed, however King did not observe firsthand the behaviors of Gandhi. King observed his behaviors through texts and also through the accounts of others. However, this did not prevent him from learning the methods of peaceful protest and applying them to the situation he faced during the Civil Rights movement. King was able to attain this level due to the four factors of motivation. Gandhi never faltered in his method; heShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManagement Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolu tes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer ServiceRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesentire plane is in constant motion—as the plane moves through the air. Unless you can fix on something that is not changing—for example, the ground or the stars—it is impossible to fly the plane. Tragically, investigators found that John F. Kennedy Jr. unknowingly flew his plane into the Atlantic Ocean killing himself, his wife, and his sister-in-law because he lost sight of land and, consequently, lost perspective. He became unable to manage change because he did not have an established, unwaveringRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagessuperior job of presenting the structure of arguments. David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with

Public Policing vs Private Security Comparison Free Essays

What are differences and similarities between the two roles? In the field of policing there are a couple different paths for an individual to choose from and they include private security and public policing. State government, city government, and towns normally provide the community with a public police force to enforce the laws and protect the citizens. Police officers are very important within a community but sometimes a private security can come in and help out and this frees up time for the public policing. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policing vs Private Security Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now Private security personnel generally work for a private company that handles their own dispatching, training and recruiting. Private security functions include loss-prevention duties or protective services that would not be handled by public policing. Private security also specializes in closed circuit monitoring services, secret level clearance, drive by patrol. Private security does not have the authority to arrest anyone either; however they can detain until law enforcement get there. Public policing officers are a function of the executive branch of government. Public officers are paid entirely from public funds that generate from grants, public sources, and revenues from taxes. Most private security organizations are paid from collecting a fee from their client. It is not uncommon for private security to go undercover like public police also, so that they can blend in the environment and be used as asset protection. The goals and training of private security and public policing are similar to each other. Private security and public policing are unique and successful in their own ways. The way that the private security and public policing organizations function and interact within each other is different; however they both function with leadership. The differences in public policing and private security would include the duties of the job. Police officers duties include responding to emergency calls, patrol public streets and monitor the traffic; private security may have the duty to be on duty at a supermarket or retail store, a bank or even drive an armored car. Some of the similarities of private security and public policing would be that they both hire men and women and both organizations are required to wear uniforms. The use of uniforms lets citizens know who security is and who the officers are. Both organizations offer in-house training. Some private security officers are permitted to carry guns just like public policing. How does leadership differ between the two roles? Public policing and private security both have a positive relationship with the criminal justice system but they are held to different standards. They use their resources to help work together when needed by sharing information, joint operations, networking, training and the development and promotion of state and federal legislation of mutual interest (Ortmeier, 2009). What is the relationship of each role with the criminal justice system? The relationship of each public policing and private security is that they both have the goal to deter crime. The public policing works to keep and prevent crime, maintains order, and responds to dispatched calls and reported crimes on public and private property. The relationship for private security is they can help out with terrorist threats, and other crimes that may affect the world, and in return that helps out the public policing in the fact that if they work together they can defend our homeland. What are the essential policies for each role? For private security the essential policies that would be needed would include to have a qualified staff, insurance, and have a license with that state, most are given after a background is checked at both federal and state levels. Some of the other policies that private security organizations should have would be the following : Acceptable Use Policy that defines what employees are allowed to do on company property, while using company resources and equipment, this should be made know to all staff so that there are no excuses or exceptions. There should be a privacy policy in effect; this is important because there are many laws and regulations that address privacy. Included in the privacy policy notification should be made that about the logging user activity, monitoring internet usage; including recording keystrokes. Password policy is another good policy to have in effect so that certain protocol is used when creating and issuing password within the company and included could be the account lockout protocol that will be used within the company. Destruction and Disposal policy which will define how and when to get rid of stuff. Storage and Retention policy will explain what items need to be kept for a number of years, things such as auditing date, financial history and customer information. The next policy would be an incident response policy and this policy would be to handle security breaches. Classification policy that way workers understand to use the information properly rather it is private or sensitive. Human resource policy and this should be covered in the way that employees are supervised, code of ethics, sort of like a company handbook one that will explain repercussions for certain behaviors and tardiness. Change management policy since one of the biggest threats to security is when things are unmanaged and unknown or even changed. The last policy for private security would be firewall policy and this would cover the essential components of the entire security structure, these are important to protect against cybercrimes. Public policing essential policies would include: use of force policy that explains how to not abuse the power of their authority, another police policy to have would be a policy on the code of ethics and this would define what ethical and non-ethical behavior is and what is expected of them as an officer of the law. Describe and discuss the importance of a comprehensive security plan, and its key components. The importance of a comprehensive security plan is in case something happens to the organization, it can somewhat be repairable to getting back on track. If an organization is aware of what the threats may be then they would know what they need to do to avoid these and prevent incidents from happening, instead of waiting for an incident to happen first. Developing a comprehensive security plan requires deliberate and methodical analysis. The purpose of the security analysis is to expose any security breaches so they can be addressed in a controlled manner and the comprehensive security plan can be created from a broad analysis. The analysis will keep resources in mind and will be directed based on the individual needs of the client and while protecting the assets of the company. The components of the comprehensive security plan include asset definition, vulnerability analysis, and threat assessment, selection of countermeasures and implementation of the plan. It is important to make policies for the client to follow along with their workers and these policies must be made know if they are expected to be followed. Incompetence and carelessness equals ncreased legal liability and financial loss. The key components consist of overlapping the features that provide mutual support and direction of the program: personnel, devices, procedures and policies. References Comprehensive Security Services, Inc. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. comprehensivesecurity. net Global Knowledge Training LLC. (2010). 10 Essential Security Policies. Retrieved from http://isaca. org Ortmeier, P. (2009). Introduction to security: O perations and management (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. How to cite Public Policing vs Private Security Comparison, Papers

Clinical Serology / Immunology and Urinalysis Case 1 - Tammy R

Question: Describe about the Clinical Serology / Immunology and Urinalysis Case 1 - Tammy R. Answer: Case 1 - Tammy R What are the abnormal laboratory results? Ans. Abnormal laboratory results for this patient are WBC count (14.5 X 109 /L), slight increase in RBC count (5.35 X 1012 /L), atypical lymphocytes (25 %), AST (89 AU/L), ALT AST (80 AU/L)and positive monotest. Based on Tammys history (symptoms) and laboratory results, what is the probable diagnosis? Ans. There is positive monotest and symptoms like fever, sore throat and swollen lymph glands are evident in Tammy. Probable diagnosis for Tammy is Infectious mononucleosis. Infectious mononucleosis is caused by infection of EpsteinBarr virus (EBV). What age group is associated with this disease? Why it is known as the kissing disease? Ans. 18-24 age group people are associated with this disease. Infectious mononucleosis occurs in the around 90 % cases due to EpsteinBarr virus. This virus can only be transferred to other person through saliva of infected person. In kissing saliva is transferred from one person to other person, hence this disease is called as kissing disease. If the monotest were negative, would you change your answer to question 2? Explain why or why not. Ans. Even if monotest is negative, answer to the question 2 remains same. It is because if monotest performed in the initial weeks of infection with EpsteinBarr virus gives false negative results due to less number of antibody titer but symptoms are evident. What antibodies react in the monotest? Ans. Heterophile antobody react in monotest. List and briefly describe three classes of antibodies making up this group of antibodies. Ans. Heterophile antibody contains IgM, IgM and Anti-EBNA. IgM appear in the initial phase of the this disease. IgG appear in the late phase of this disease. Anti-EBNA appears at 14-18 weeks after onset of symptoms and remains throughout the life. Briefly explain the Davidohn differential test. Ans. In Davidsohn Differtial test two types of sheep agglutinins can diffentiated by reacting them with prior to later absorption with guinea pig kidney and ox cells. I first test IgM antibodies are added to the guinea pig kidney cells. These are no absorption of these antibodies through kidney cells and upon reaction with ox cells these cells causes agglutination which is positive for IgM. Second test Forssman antibodies are added to the guinea pig kidney cells. These antibodies get absorbed through kidney cells and upon reaction with ox cells these cells doesnt cause agglutination which is positive for Forssman antigens. Briefly describe the monotest. Ans. Serum or plasma of the patient is placed on the microscopic slide. It is then mixed with Guinea Pig Kidney Antigen and Preserved Hose Erythrocytes. Mix the reagents thoroughly and incubate the slide for 1 minute. If agglutination is there this test is positive. What virus is usually associated with this disease? What other disease are also associated with this virus? Ans. EpsteinBarr virus is associated with Infectious mononucleosis. Other diseases associated with EpsteinBarr virus are Burkitt's lymphoma,] Hodgkin's lymphoma, gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, multiple sclerosis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. GianottiCrosti syndrome, erythema multiforme, acute genital ulcers, oral hairy leukoplakia. What would the physician do next? Ans. Infectious mononucleosis is self-limiting, hence physician will suggest for rest. Physician will ask to take plenty of water. Physician will advise for salt water gargle for throat. Physician wil advice for avoiding heavy physical activity for around 1-2 months. Also physician will prescribe NSAID to reduce fever and pain, also physician will prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs for tonsils. If it is still negative, what test(s) can be ordered to confirm the diagnosis? Ans.Test for presence of cytomegalovirus infection and Toxoplasma gondii infections can be performed. What viral antibodies or antigens are commonly available? Ans. Commonly available viral antibodies are IgG and IgM At what stage of the disease are they found? Ans. These antibodies appear at the different stages of the disease. IgM appears at the start of the infection and IgG appears at the time of recovering from the infection. What other viruses are also associated with this disease? Ans. Other viruses associated with disease are Cytomegalovirus , human herpesvirus 6 , HIV, toxoplasmosis, and hepatitis virus. What other more serious, life life-threatening diseases must be ruled out? Ans. Following are the life-threatening diseases must be ruled out : Fulminant hepatitis, Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, gastric carcinoma, pyothorax-associated lymphoma What organ system is associated with the abnormal chemistry test? Ans. As there is the increase in the ALT, AST and Bilirubin, Liver is associated with abnormal chemistry test. Is this consistent with your original diagnosis? Ans. Earlier diagnosis is infectious mononucleosis. In more than 90 % patients with infectious mononucleosis, there is the abnormal liver function test. What is the usual course of this disease: incubation period and time to recover? Ans. Infectious mononucleosis has incubation period of 1-2 months. Fever can resolve in one month and fatigue can resolve in 6 months. What is the normal treatment of this disease? Ans. As common symptoms of this disease are fever and swelling following treatment is suggested. Normal treatment for this disease includes antiviral like acyclovir, NSAID for fever and pain and anti-inflammatory drugs like prednisolone. Case 2- Bonnie J Circle or highlight the abnormal value(s) or discrepant urinalysis result (s). Ans. Yellow color of urine, cloudy or frothy appearance, increased protein, decreased albumin, increased creatinine, increased BUN and cholesterol. What type of disease/ condition would be characterized by this urinalysis? Ans. Nephrotic syndrome What is the primary problem/defect found in this condition? Ans. Primary defect found is kidney problem. What urinalysis result(s) led to your probable diagnosis? Ans. Yellow color, cloudy/frothy appearance of urine, protein level, and occasional oval fat bodies. A.What confirmatory test could be performed to identify the oval fat bodies? Ans.Microscopic test can be performed to identify oval fat bodies. What is the source of oval fat bodies? Ans. Fat is accumulated in the epithelial cells and fat bodies formed. Fat is the source of oval fat bodies. Explain the reason for frothy urine. Ans. In nephritic condition more urine is excreted in the urine. Frothy urine is due to high amount of protein in urine. List five conditions that may progress to this disease (primary or secondary causes of this disease). Ans. Following are the disease which leads to the nephrotic syndrome. Minimal change disease, Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Membranous glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. List five risk factors of this disease. Following are the risk factors for nephrotic syndrome. Other disease condition like diabetes, lupus, amyloidosis. Medications. Infections like HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and malaria. Age over 65. Family history. Are the abnormal chemistry tests consistent with the probable diagnosis? Explain why or why not. Ans.Abnormal chemistry test are consistent with nephritis syndrome diagnosis. Total protein and cholesterol increase is there like nephrotic syndrome. Albumin is decreased like nephrotic syndrome. Also there is increase in creatinine and BUN like nephrotic syndrome. What other renal function tests could be performed on a 24-hour urine? Would you expect the results to be decreased, normal or elevated? Ans. In 24 hr urine test like protein and creatinine can be performed. In 24 hr sample protein and creatinine levels are higher as compared to the spot test. Discuss the physiological cause of the edema. Ans. Damage of blood vessels causes nephrotic syndrome. In nephrotic syndrome there is the decreased level of protein in blood i.e. hypoalbuminia. This decreased level of albumin causes reduced effective colloid osmotic pressure gradient, which results in the increased transcapillary fluid flux. Finally it results in fluid accumulation and edema. Describe what you would expect to see in Bonnies protein electrophoresis. Ans. In Bonnies protein electrophoresis very thin protein bands are evident. 2 globulin is more as compared to the 1 because of its larger size it cannot be excreted. Albumin moves towards the anode and globulin moves towards cathode. What is the protein selectivity index? What can it tell the physician about the type of renal damage? Ans. Protein selectivity index is ratio of IgG and albumin multiplied by 100. If protein selectivity is less than 15, there is high selectivity of albumin for excretion. If protein selectivity is more than 30, there is less selectivity of albumin for excretion. What are some of the possible consequences (complications) of this condition-what could it lead to? Ans. Acute kidney failure, Pulmonary edema, Hypothyroidism, Hypocalcaemia, Vitamin D deficiency, Protein malnutrition, Growth retardation and Microcytic hypochromic anaemia