The Psychology of Post-Conventional Morality and Martin...

Introduction Morals, as defined by psychologist, are the attitudes and beliefs held by individuals that aid in the determination or what is right and what is wrong (Hock 142). It is believed that what is deemed moral is determined by our culture and the norms present in that culture. It is also believed that we are not born with an established set of morals; instead, we must gain this outline of what is moral throughout our childhood and adolescence and into adulthood. In order to properly analyze the extent Bandura social learning theory plays in the attainment of level three, stage six, of Kohlberg’s moral development theory the theories of Kohlberg and Bandura must be properly outlined. The application of these theories will then by†¦show more content†¦It has been theorized that identification is usually linked to liking a model. Rewards and Punishments also contribute to motivation of an observer, if there are incentives or repercussions for a behavior it is more likely to be repeated or halted. The last factor of motivation is liking and/or likeness to a model; a model that is well liked by the observer is more likely to be imitated as well as a model most similar to the observer themselves. The Application of Kohlberg and Bandura The remainder of this essay will focus on the argument that Kohlberg’s stage six can be attained through Bandura’s social learning theory, which may be observed through history, rather than firsthand observation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a great moral leader who progressed to the final stage of Kohlberg’s moral development stage theory through the observation of another great moral leader, Mohandas Gandhi. Bandura argues that social learning theory must be observed, however King did not observe firsthand the behaviors of Gandhi. King observed his behaviors through texts and also through the accounts of others. However, this did not prevent him from learning the methods of peaceful protest and applying them to the situation he faced during the Civil Rights movement. King was able to attain this level due to the four factors of motivation. Gandhi never faltered in his method; heShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManagement Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolu tes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer ServiceRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesentire plane is in constant motion—as the plane moves through the air. Unless you can fix on something that is not changing—for example, the ground or the stars—it is impossible to fly the plane. Tragically, investigators found that John F. Kennedy Jr. unknowingly flew his plane into the Atlantic Ocean killing himself, his wife, and his sister-in-law because he lost sight of land and, consequently, lost perspective. He became unable to manage change because he did not have an established, unwaveringRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagessuperior job of presenting the structure of arguments. David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with

Public Policing vs Private Security Comparison Free Essays

What are differences and similarities between the two roles? In the field of policing there are a couple different paths for an individual to choose from and they include private security and public policing. State government, city government, and towns normally provide the community with a public police force to enforce the laws and protect the citizens. Police officers are very important within a community but sometimes a private security can come in and help out and this frees up time for the public policing. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policing vs Private Security Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now Private security personnel generally work for a private company that handles their own dispatching, training and recruiting. Private security functions include loss-prevention duties or protective services that would not be handled by public policing. Private security also specializes in closed circuit monitoring services, secret level clearance, drive by patrol. Private security does not have the authority to arrest anyone either; however they can detain until law enforcement get there. Public policing officers are a function of the executive branch of government. Public officers are paid entirely from public funds that generate from grants, public sources, and revenues from taxes. Most private security organizations are paid from collecting a fee from their client. It is not uncommon for private security to go undercover like public police also, so that they can blend in the environment and be used as asset protection. The goals and training of private security and public policing are similar to each other. Private security and public policing are unique and successful in their own ways. The way that the private security and public policing organizations function and interact within each other is different; however they both function with leadership. The differences in public policing and private security would include the duties of the job. Police officers duties include responding to emergency calls, patrol public streets and monitor the traffic; private security may have the duty to be on duty at a supermarket or retail store, a bank or even drive an armored car. Some of the similarities of private security and public policing would be that they both hire men and women and both organizations are required to wear uniforms. The use of uniforms lets citizens know who security is and who the officers are. Both organizations offer in-house training. Some private security officers are permitted to carry guns just like public policing. How does leadership differ between the two roles? Public policing and private security both have a positive relationship with the criminal justice system but they are held to different standards. They use their resources to help work together when needed by sharing information, joint operations, networking, training and the development and promotion of state and federal legislation of mutual interest (Ortmeier, 2009). What is the relationship of each role with the criminal justice system? The relationship of each public policing and private security is that they both have the goal to deter crime. The public policing works to keep and prevent crime, maintains order, and responds to dispatched calls and reported crimes on public and private property. The relationship for private security is they can help out with terrorist threats, and other crimes that may affect the world, and in return that helps out the public policing in the fact that if they work together they can defend our homeland. What are the essential policies for each role? For private security the essential policies that would be needed would include to have a qualified staff, insurance, and have a license with that state, most are given after a background is checked at both federal and state levels. Some of the other policies that private security organizations should have would be the following : Acceptable Use Policy that defines what employees are allowed to do on company property, while using company resources and equipment, this should be made know to all staff so that there are no excuses or exceptions. There should be a privacy policy in effect; this is important because there are many laws and regulations that address privacy. Included in the privacy policy notification should be made that about the logging user activity, monitoring internet usage; including recording keystrokes. Password policy is another good policy to have in effect so that certain protocol is used when creating and issuing password within the company and included could be the account lockout protocol that will be used within the company. Destruction and Disposal policy which will define how and when to get rid of stuff. Storage and Retention policy will explain what items need to be kept for a number of years, things such as auditing date, financial history and customer information. The next policy would be an incident response policy and this policy would be to handle security breaches. Classification policy that way workers understand to use the information properly rather it is private or sensitive. Human resource policy and this should be covered in the way that employees are supervised, code of ethics, sort of like a company handbook one that will explain repercussions for certain behaviors and tardiness. Change management policy since one of the biggest threats to security is when things are unmanaged and unknown or even changed. The last policy for private security would be firewall policy and this would cover the essential components of the entire security structure, these are important to protect against cybercrimes. Public policing essential policies would include: use of force policy that explains how to not abuse the power of their authority, another police policy to have would be a policy on the code of ethics and this would define what ethical and non-ethical behavior is and what is expected of them as an officer of the law. Describe and discuss the importance of a comprehensive security plan, and its key components. The importance of a comprehensive security plan is in case something happens to the organization, it can somewhat be repairable to getting back on track. If an organization is aware of what the threats may be then they would know what they need to do to avoid these and prevent incidents from happening, instead of waiting for an incident to happen first. Developing a comprehensive security plan requires deliberate and methodical analysis. The purpose of the security analysis is to expose any security breaches so they can be addressed in a controlled manner and the comprehensive security plan can be created from a broad analysis. The analysis will keep resources in mind and will be directed based on the individual needs of the client and while protecting the assets of the company. The components of the comprehensive security plan include asset definition, vulnerability analysis, and threat assessment, selection of countermeasures and implementation of the plan. It is important to make policies for the client to follow along with their workers and these policies must be made know if they are expected to be followed. Incompetence and carelessness equals ncreased legal liability and financial loss. The key components consist of overlapping the features that provide mutual support and direction of the program: personnel, devices, procedures and policies. References Comprehensive Security Services, Inc. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. comprehensivesecurity. net Global Knowledge Training LLC. (2010). 10 Essential Security Policies. Retrieved from http://isaca. org Ortmeier, P. (2009). Introduction to security: O perations and management (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. How to cite Public Policing vs Private Security Comparison, Papers

Clinical Serology / Immunology and Urinalysis Case 1 - Tammy R

Question: Describe about the Clinical Serology / Immunology and Urinalysis Case 1 - Tammy R. Answer: Case 1 - Tammy R What are the abnormal laboratory results? Ans. Abnormal laboratory results for this patient are WBC count (14.5 X 109 /L), slight increase in RBC count (5.35 X 1012 /L), atypical lymphocytes (25 %), AST (89 AU/L), ALT AST (80 AU/L)and positive monotest. Based on Tammys history (symptoms) and laboratory results, what is the probable diagnosis? Ans. There is positive monotest and symptoms like fever, sore throat and swollen lymph glands are evident in Tammy. Probable diagnosis for Tammy is Infectious mononucleosis. Infectious mononucleosis is caused by infection of EpsteinBarr virus (EBV). What age group is associated with this disease? Why it is known as the kissing disease? Ans. 18-24 age group people are associated with this disease. Infectious mononucleosis occurs in the around 90 % cases due to EpsteinBarr virus. This virus can only be transferred to other person through saliva of infected person. In kissing saliva is transferred from one person to other person, hence this disease is called as kissing disease. If the monotest were negative, would you change your answer to question 2? Explain why or why not. Ans. Even if monotest is negative, answer to the question 2 remains same. It is because if monotest performed in the initial weeks of infection with EpsteinBarr virus gives false negative results due to less number of antibody titer but symptoms are evident. What antibodies react in the monotest? Ans. Heterophile antobody react in monotest. List and briefly describe three classes of antibodies making up this group of antibodies. Ans. Heterophile antibody contains IgM, IgM and Anti-EBNA. IgM appear in the initial phase of the this disease. IgG appear in the late phase of this disease. Anti-EBNA appears at 14-18 weeks after onset of symptoms and remains throughout the life. Briefly explain the Davidohn differential test. Ans. In Davidsohn Differtial test two types of sheep agglutinins can diffentiated by reacting them with prior to later absorption with guinea pig kidney and ox cells. I first test IgM antibodies are added to the guinea pig kidney cells. These are no absorption of these antibodies through kidney cells and upon reaction with ox cells these cells causes agglutination which is positive for IgM. Second test Forssman antibodies are added to the guinea pig kidney cells. These antibodies get absorbed through kidney cells and upon reaction with ox cells these cells doesnt cause agglutination which is positive for Forssman antigens. Briefly describe the monotest. Ans. Serum or plasma of the patient is placed on the microscopic slide. It is then mixed with Guinea Pig Kidney Antigen and Preserved Hose Erythrocytes. Mix the reagents thoroughly and incubate the slide for 1 minute. If agglutination is there this test is positive. What virus is usually associated with this disease? What other disease are also associated with this virus? Ans. EpsteinBarr virus is associated with Infectious mononucleosis. Other diseases associated with EpsteinBarr virus are Burkitt's lymphoma,] Hodgkin's lymphoma, gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, multiple sclerosis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. GianottiCrosti syndrome, erythema multiforme, acute genital ulcers, oral hairy leukoplakia. What would the physician do next? Ans. Infectious mononucleosis is self-limiting, hence physician will suggest for rest. Physician will ask to take plenty of water. Physician will advise for salt water gargle for throat. Physician wil advice for avoiding heavy physical activity for around 1-2 months. Also physician will prescribe NSAID to reduce fever and pain, also physician will prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs for tonsils. If it is still negative, what test(s) can be ordered to confirm the diagnosis? Ans.Test for presence of cytomegalovirus infection and Toxoplasma gondii infections can be performed. What viral antibodies or antigens are commonly available? Ans. Commonly available viral antibodies are IgG and IgM At what stage of the disease are they found? Ans. These antibodies appear at the different stages of the disease. IgM appears at the start of the infection and IgG appears at the time of recovering from the infection. What other viruses are also associated with this disease? Ans. Other viruses associated with disease are Cytomegalovirus , human herpesvirus 6 , HIV, toxoplasmosis, and hepatitis virus. What other more serious, life life-threatening diseases must be ruled out? Ans. Following are the life-threatening diseases must be ruled out : Fulminant hepatitis, Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, gastric carcinoma, pyothorax-associated lymphoma What organ system is associated with the abnormal chemistry test? Ans. As there is the increase in the ALT, AST and Bilirubin, Liver is associated with abnormal chemistry test. Is this consistent with your original diagnosis? Ans. Earlier diagnosis is infectious mononucleosis. In more than 90 % patients with infectious mononucleosis, there is the abnormal liver function test. What is the usual course of this disease: incubation period and time to recover? Ans. Infectious mononucleosis has incubation period of 1-2 months. Fever can resolve in one month and fatigue can resolve in 6 months. What is the normal treatment of this disease? Ans. As common symptoms of this disease are fever and swelling following treatment is suggested. Normal treatment for this disease includes antiviral like acyclovir, NSAID for fever and pain and anti-inflammatory drugs like prednisolone. Case 2- Bonnie J Circle or highlight the abnormal value(s) or discrepant urinalysis result (s). Ans. Yellow color of urine, cloudy or frothy appearance, increased protein, decreased albumin, increased creatinine, increased BUN and cholesterol. What type of disease/ condition would be characterized by this urinalysis? Ans. Nephrotic syndrome What is the primary problem/defect found in this condition? Ans. Primary defect found is kidney problem. What urinalysis result(s) led to your probable diagnosis? Ans. Yellow color, cloudy/frothy appearance of urine, protein level, and occasional oval fat bodies. A.What confirmatory test could be performed to identify the oval fat bodies? Ans.Microscopic test can be performed to identify oval fat bodies. What is the source of oval fat bodies? Ans. Fat is accumulated in the epithelial cells and fat bodies formed. Fat is the source of oval fat bodies. Explain the reason for frothy urine. Ans. In nephritic condition more urine is excreted in the urine. Frothy urine is due to high amount of protein in urine. List five conditions that may progress to this disease (primary or secondary causes of this disease). Ans. Following are the disease which leads to the nephrotic syndrome. Minimal change disease, Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Membranous glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. List five risk factors of this disease. Following are the risk factors for nephrotic syndrome. Other disease condition like diabetes, lupus, amyloidosis. Medications. Infections like HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and malaria. Age over 65. Family history. Are the abnormal chemistry tests consistent with the probable diagnosis? Explain why or why not. Ans.Abnormal chemistry test are consistent with nephritis syndrome diagnosis. Total protein and cholesterol increase is there like nephrotic syndrome. Albumin is decreased like nephrotic syndrome. Also there is increase in creatinine and BUN like nephrotic syndrome. What other renal function tests could be performed on a 24-hour urine? Would you expect the results to be decreased, normal or elevated? Ans. In 24 hr urine test like protein and creatinine can be performed. In 24 hr sample protein and creatinine levels are higher as compared to the spot test. Discuss the physiological cause of the edema. Ans. Damage of blood vessels causes nephrotic syndrome. In nephrotic syndrome there is the decreased level of protein in blood i.e. hypoalbuminia. This decreased level of albumin causes reduced effective colloid osmotic pressure gradient, which results in the increased transcapillary fluid flux. Finally it results in fluid accumulation and edema. Describe what you would expect to see in Bonnies protein electrophoresis. Ans. In Bonnies protein electrophoresis very thin protein bands are evident. 2 globulin is more as compared to the 1 because of its larger size it cannot be excreted. Albumin moves towards the anode and globulin moves towards cathode. What is the protein selectivity index? What can it tell the physician about the type of renal damage? Ans. Protein selectivity index is ratio of IgG and albumin multiplied by 100. If protein selectivity is less than 15, there is high selectivity of albumin for excretion. If protein selectivity is more than 30, there is less selectivity of albumin for excretion. What are some of the possible consequences (complications) of this condition-what could it lead to? Ans. Acute kidney failure, Pulmonary edema, Hypothyroidism, Hypocalcaemia, Vitamin D deficiency, Protein malnutrition, Growth retardation and Microcytic hypochromic anaemia

Portfolio free essay sample

These are one of the most important steps. Secondly, Ms Visser talked about the importance of movement and placement of your hands. She gave the following examples: holding your arms behind your back looks rather formal and military like whilst putting your hands in your pockets looks rather casual. By actually showing the audience these differences she really got her point across. Ms Visser stated that the best thing you can do during a presentation is a resting position, keeping your hands alongside your body. Supposedly this gives the audience a feeling of comfort. Thirdly, Ms Visser discussed wrong body language. A fair amount of presenters feel the need to hold something in their hands during their presentation, whether it’s a pen, notes or a laser pen, it’s very distracting for an audience because often the presenter finds him/herself playing with these objects. Furthermore, Ms Visser mentioned that constant eye contact with your audience plays a large role in a good presentation. We will write a custom essay sample on Portfolio or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And thus, pointing at your power point presentation too much disrupts this and therefore you should refrain from doing this. Fourthly, Ms Visser showed a sheet on her PowerPoint presentation, which summed up a few tricks on how to get your audience to pay more attention to your presentation: 1. Put your hands up in a halt fashion. 2. Extend your arms away from your shoulders, as far as you can, turn your wrists at right angels so your palm are facing each other. Extend your arms away from your shoulders, as far as you can, turn your wrists at right angels so your palm are facing each other. 3. Hold your left hand up in front of you, but not in front of your face. Now flick out your index finger, hold this position, flick up your second finger, now your third finger. (Ms Visser showed this with her own hand as an example). Finally, Ms Visser dedicated a small part of her presentation to the importance of eye contact. Arguing that this is the most important aspect of body language. After which she rounded off the presentation with the following statement: â€Å"Gestures, use them please! They brighten up your presentation if you use them well. † 1. 3 Praise and critique The amount of examples Ms Visser gave during her presentation was very pleasant. They gave a good impression of what she was saying. The PowerPoint contained to much text, however it had a nice look and a good structure. Therefore the large amount of text wasn’t really bothersome. Something Ms Visser should pay extra attention to is her vocabulary, this wasn’t that good during her presentation. Also, the audience noticed that she was really nervous during her presentation: turning red when struggling with words. All in all it was a decent presentation and I especially liked the PowerPoint. 1. 4 Second presenter and topic The second presentation where I would like to write about is Tessa de Graaf her presentation. Tessa her presentation was going about the options for a speakers voice. 1. 5 Summary Tessa was start with the structure of her presentation. First she was going to talk about the tone and passion. Then about the voice projection and finally about the pace. She was telling that tone and passion could be described in words like enthusiasm care and felling. The tone of a voice is all about emotion. She was giving for example: when a speaker has no passion about their topic, the presentation will mostly come across as a flat and monotone emotion. What she also told was that the passion and tone of a voice allow the speaker to communicate felling of happiness, sadness and nervousness. What she also told was that with a speakers voice you could hear if he is talking formal or informal. She was also giving a example of a funeral speech and show a table on her PowerPoint. About the projection she was told that projection so as the tone of your voice shows emotion. Volume sets the atmosphere and flows you right into the hearts and souls of audience. Furthermore she said that you don’t have to talk monotone when you deliver your speech. You’ve got to use the highs and lows of your voice. Then you can make the audience really understand how you feel about something. She was giving a example about lowering your volume at a sensitive moment, then the audience will listen more carefully and be feeling closer to you. About the pace told she that you should be aware of the speed of talking. When a presenter gets often accused of talking to fast, that is dangerous because you can lose your audience. But if you are talking to slow, it also will make the audience bored. Her conclusion was that your voice carries your massage to the audience. You have to use diversity with your voice and you have to be aware of the occasion and the audience. 1. 6 Praise and critique What I’d like in Tessa her presentation was her voice was a very good volume. She has a very good structure in her presentation. She was saying: and now I’m going to tell you about†¦ Some things she was a little bit speaking to fast and with to much Dutch words. I mean words in English spoken in a Dutch language. Her PowerPoint was a little bit boring, but the text in it was good. Not too much and not too less. 2. 0 Own presenation 2. 1 Article name The name of the article was: Everyone’s a public speaker, even you! (Cartner). 2. 2 Article summary 3. 0 Evaluation of a debate 3. 1 Opening vote 3. 2 Summary of arguments 3. 3 Own opinion 3. 4 Final Vote 4. 0 Two TV reports 4. 1 Tv report: 4. 2 Tv report: 5. 0 Two Ted reports 5. 1 Ted report: 10 top time-saving tech tips (david Pogue) David Pogue starts to tell what he finds so remarkable to (aan? ) society and culture. That is that is you must have for everything that’s dangerous a permit: for driving, for possession and to marry. This applies to dangerous things, except technology. For this is no start course. They give you a computer and they throwing you in the deep. How do you have to learn that stuff? Nobody who tells you how to. David Poque is going to tell 10 basics you think everybody knows. It are the following 10 things: 1. If you want to scroll down on the internet, don’t go with your mouse on the slider, a waste of time. Use the spacebar. With the spacebar you will scroll down one page. 2. If you enter an address form on the internet. In the pop-up menu to fill in your province, don’t open it, its a waste of time. Type the first letter of your province and you will find it in 1 second. . Also on the Internet if the text is too small, use the CTRL + plus button. 4. If you type something on your iPhone, don’t go to your text keys to the number keys to enter the space and then the capital. Press two times just into the spacebar. The phone will then keep the point or capital self. 5. If you want to repeat your last call, push the call button and the most recentl y number is coming on your screen. And if you push again, the number is calling. 6. Bij ? leaving a massage on a voicemail. After: â€Å"leave a massage†. There coming fifteen other difficult (verrekte) instructions. There is one button, waarmee je direct nar de piep kunt springen. He is telling that’s in the most of time hash on your mobile, but you have to fin it out for yourself. 7. With Google you could find more than only a website. It’s a dictionary, flight database and also a calculator. 8. If you want to select a word in your word document, ga niet als een groentje (nubie) met je muis erover slepen. Click twice on the word and your computer is select it. 9. Slumber time is the time between the click on the button and the actual camera recording. The tip for this is, put the button half way first, if you want to make the picture click it! Hereby you don’t have the slumber time. 10. Last point something that’s happened during presentations is that the audience looked on the screen and not to you. If this is happening push the letter B. The B is for blackout and the screen is turning black. He end with: if you missed something, he wants to email you the tips. And congratulations you now have all your technology degree. 5. 2 Ted report: 6. 0 Self evalution I noticed my English changed in a positive way this semester. Due to the fact that I’ve watched a lot more English television, which helped me increase my vocabulary. Furthermore, I’ve learned a heap from my presentation and debate during English class. Personally, this has been a great opportunity to improve my pronunctiation. I believe this also reflects on my English grades of this semester, so far I’ve passed every exam. 7. 0 Course evalution This semester really helped me improve my English. Especially the presentations about the different ways of presenting appealed to me. Listening to the presentations of my classmater and applying their tips and tricks in my own presentation. The course has been a great learning experience.

Coeducation and Students Achievement in Mathematics

Coeducation and Students Achievement in Mathematics Introduction This project aims at investigating two very crucial ideologies with regards to application of various schooling system. The first question will concentrate on the effects that single sex or mixed school environments have on Mathematics achievement, while the second idea will be to look at the merits and demerits of these systems in the overall student’s achievement in Mathematics as a subject.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Coeducation and Students’ Achievement in Mathematics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Technically, the project plan will include a review of its context, project rationale or the thinking behind it, a section on literature review, a description of facts and data collection methodologies, a proposed timeline for the various activities anticipated and a list of reference material used. Context of the Study The study of single sex and mixed sex schools may have a varied number of aspects that one may wish to look into. First, there may be the issue of gender distribution There may also be the angle of resources distribution in schools where one may want to compare the level of balance, in the two types of schools. A researcher may also want to study coeducation from the perspective of discrimination in terms of race, color and even access to facilities (Francis, 2004). The other angle that one may approach the issue of coeducation from is the performance of these schools either in individual subjects or on an overall basis, in comparison to the single sex schools. One may also narrow down to individual student characteristics on issues like discipline and how it may affect the students performance in the subject, while comparing the same variable to case scenarios in singles sex schools. Main Focus of the Study As noted above, various angles. This study will nonetheless focus on two aspects which are; an analysis of the effects of coeducatio nal environment in students’ performance of the mathematics subject and the positive and negative contributions of mix classes, to the achievement of mathematics as a subject. Coeducation Environment and Students Performance in Mathematics The environment in which education is being provided happens to be an important contributor to the overall outcome expected of the students (Tully Jacob, 2010). However, there are several other forces that influence students’ performance on particular subjects and on an overall aggregate that it would not be easy to single out one as the most dominant factor (Sullivan, 2009). One of the findings that may explain the performance of mathematics subject in coeducational schools is the revelation that boys and girls mixed schools do not exhibit any conspicuously superior qualities in comparison to their counter parts in single sex schools, either in curricular or co-curricular activities (Sax, 2005). Thus the environment of single sex s chools seem to be provide students with better chances of doing well in mathematicsAdvertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It may seem that the perception of mathematics as an otherwise difficult subject pushes boys in single sex schools to go an extra mile, in a bid to display their ability in terms of handling difficult issues in a manly way, and in the process of trying to outshine one another, they end up boosting their individual performances and eventually that of the whole class.(Pomerantaz, Altermatt Saxon, 2002). The situation is however different in mixed schools where poor performance by one gender may lead to pulling the average aggregate behind (Paton Moore, 2010). Positive and Negative Effects of Single Sex School Environment to the Achievement of Mathematics Positive Effects The existence of one gender in one school environment is believed to enhance heigh tens the levels of competition since the participants are seen as equals and therefore each one of them tends to put more effort to become noticeable and remain competitively relevant (Barmao, Bosire Mandoch, 2008).This competition is most visible where teachers emphasize on the fact that none of them has more superior characteristic than the other but are more or less of equal in natural endowment. Single sex schools also tend to level the rules of competition thus there is a balanced playing field that doesn’t give any one advantage over the other. Further, educating students in single sex schools seems to contribute to the ultimate confidence of individual students. Girls in particular have been found to shy away from contributing to questions and discussion in class in the presence of their male counterparts (Sax, 2005). Further, single sex schools reduce the chances of the attitude of the teacher to have as much impact on the performance of the students. There are more chances that a teacher would more often express a non-accommodating attitude towards a single student rather than a group (Sullivan, 2009). In single sex school the expressions of a teacher may be easier to deal with since they will have no inclination to any gender and therefore the students are able to form a means of coping with a teacher’s attitude more than in a mixed school situation were expression may be limited by the existence of one gender. The single sex environment again allows boys and girls to fully act in a natural way as their actions are not subject to criticism by the opposite gender. It is natural that in the presence of members of the opposite gender humans will act in a different way from their normal self thus limiting the chances of bringing out their real self. A single sex school eliminates such attributes and instead advocates for full expression of self thus enhancing such characteristics as being affirmative and assertive.Advertising We wi ll write a custom research paper sample on Coeducation and Students’ Achievement in Mathematics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are also reduced chances of influence by unhealthy relationships that may occur in mixed schools. This actually is one of the contributors of poor performances in mixed schools and thus the further the separation the higher the chances of better performance (Gurian Steven, 2004) Negative Effects A single school environment denies students representation of the real world where both gender have to coexist. This may instill tendencies of chauvinism or inability to view the world as a place where creations have to live and complement one another. In essence, the application of the lessons learnt may not be very practical since the environment they were taught in and their environment of application differ in several ways (Tully Jacobs, 2010). There are also higher chances of both genders coalescing for destructive purposes. Since they are all at the same age level, they are likely to have more understanding and bonding amongst themselves further raising their chances of easily agreeing to a negative plot (Paton Moore, 2010). It must be understood that students in their formative years have an explorative mind and they may sometimes wan to experiment either well thought objectives or in some case unseen repercussions. This hampers students’ performances since there is the drive of mob psychology. Project Rationale Education affects the general view point of the society on various issues and therefore it is important to know how the various systems of education that exist may impact on the society. This is a study that can as well be of great impact to policy makers in assisting the decision making process that may concern resource distribution. As a student and an aspiring academician, this study would shed light on why one mode of education would be preferable to some peop le and not others, and why there doesn’t exist a universal agreement on the best practices on this subject. Project Aims This project’s main aim will be to:Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Compare the performances of students in mixed schools to that of students in single sex schools in mathematics subject. To find out whether there are notable and major challenges found and /or posed by preference of any of these education systems. Research Questions What are the effects of a coeducational environment on student’s achievement on Mathematics subject? What are the positive and negative results of mixed classes on the students’ performance of mathematics? Literature Review There is quite a substantial amount of material on the subject of coeducation, some of which will no doubt serve as a great resource for this project. The internet will be a key resource tool for this study since there is a sizable amount of data that can be useful in informing this study. Previous studies that have been conducted and preserved in books or journals will also be useful for this study, to provide a historical background of the study. Spielhofer, Benton, and Schagen (20 04) compilation titiled A study of the effects of school size and single sex education in English Shools will be a good source of infromation. Newspaper reviews and insights on this subject may also prove useful to this study and will be used to shed more light on the subject. Although there will be no first-hand data collection, stakeholder’s views that may be expressed in informal sittings or other media will be incorporated. Methodology This study will heavily rely on information available on the backdrop of previous studies. In this regard the research will mainly be conducted from the libraries where books and other material containing the relevant data can be found, such as educational offices where access can be granted. The research will also be dependent on information available on the internet and therefore a substantial amount of time will be spent searching the web. Essentially, books, journals, articles, case studies and internet materials will be sampled from a wide range of scholarly quarters related to the field of study. Once data collection is completed, the research will progress to the data analysis stage where a blend of qualitative and quantitative data analysis will be used to analytically asses and interpret the collected data. References Barmao, A., Bosire, J., Mandoch, H. (2008). Effects of streaming by gender on student achievement in mathematics in secondary schools. South Africa Journal of Education, East Africa Publishers. Francis, B. (2004). Classroom interaction and access. London, United Kingdom: Association of Teachers and Lecturers. Gurian, M., Steven, K. (2004). With boys and girls in mind. Educational Leadership. Henry, J. (2001). Help for the boys helps the girls. Times Educational Supplement. Paton, G., Moore, M. (2010). Girls do better in single sex schools. The Daily Telegraph. Pomerantaz, E., Altermatt, E., Saxon, J. (2002). Making the grade but feeling distressed: gender differences in academic performance and internal distress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 396-404. Sax, L. (2005). Why gender matters. New York: Broadway Books. Spielhofer, T., Benton, T., Schagen, S. (2004). A Study of the effects of school size and Single Sex Education in English Schools. Sullivan, A. (2009). Academic self-concept, gender and single-sex Schooling. British Educational Research- Journal.. Tully, D., Jacobs, B. (2010). Effects of single-gender mathematics classroom on self-perception of mathematical ability and post secondary engineering paths. Australia.

How Private Schools Are Using iPads

How Private Schools Are Using iPads Private schools are on the forefront of using technology to further education. NAIS, or the National Association of Independent Schools, has developed a set of principles about technology use in their member schools that emphasizes the importance of training teachers so they can implement the new technologies in their classrooms. As technology educator Steve Bergen of Summercore has noted in his thirty years experience implementing technology in private schools, the key to implementing technology well in schools is training teachers to use it well and use it across the curriculum. Here are some novel ways private schools across the country are using technology, including iPads. Using the iPad to Teach Across the Curriculum Many private schools have begun to use tablets, including iPads. For example, Cambridge Friends School, a co-ed Quaker pre-K through 8th grade school in Massachusetts, developed a program by which every sixth, seventh, and eighth grader will use an iPad to replace laptops. As reported in Business Wire, The iPads were provided in part thanks to a grant from Avid founder Bill Warner and his wife, Elissa. The iPads are used across the curriculum, in every subject matter. For example, students use them to watch time-release photos of an osmosis and diffusion lab. In addition, students were able to see a slide of the Maya temple of Chichà ©n Itz and then swipe across the slide to see what the temple looked like 1,000 years ago. Using the iPad to teach Math San Domenico School, a boys and girls pre-K through 8th grade day school and a 9-12 girls day and boarding school in Marin County, California, has a 1-to-1 iPad program for grades 6-12 and an iPad pilot program in grade 5. The schools technology department works to train teachers in all grades to use the technology to further educational goals. For example, math teachers at the school use iPad math text applications, and they also use the iPad for taking notes and managing homework and projects. In addition, teachers can use applications such as videos from Khan Academy to reinforce their skills. Khan Academy has over 3,000 videos on a range of academic areas, including math, physics, history, and finance. Students can use their videos to practice skills and keep track of how well they are doing towards reaching their goals. Another well-known math application is Rocket Math, available as an iPad application. Through this program, students can practice math skills through worksheets or through math missions on the iPad. At the nearby Drew School a co-ed 9-12 school in San Francisco, all students also have an iPad. Students are trained about how to use their iPads, and they are allowed to bring their iPads home. In addition, the school hosts training sessions for parents to learn how to use the iPad. At the school, math teachers digitally project math problems that students can work out on their iPads, and teachers and students use a program called SyncSpace Shared Whiteboard to work together on math problems. The images captured on the Whiteboard can be e-mailed or saved. Eventually, the school plans to replace all textbooks with iPads. The iPad as an Organizing Device Students can also use the iPad as an organizational tool. Some teachers at different schools have noted that the iPad can help middle school and other students who tend to lose or misplace homework handle and centralize their assignments. In addition, students who have iPads do not misplace their textbooks or notebooks. Students can also use the iPad to take and organize notes using tools such as the Note function or a program such as Evernote, which allows students to tag notes and place them in specific notebooks so they can be easily found. As long as students dont misplace their iPad, they have all their materials at their disposal.

Cause and effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Cause and effect - Essay Example Some economists believe the crisis to be a result of economic cycles which are impossible to resist. There is, however, another theory, which considers the crisis to be a result of a new policy of credit accommodation. That is also the theory the paper focuses on. Most banks and mortgage lenders offered 100 percent financing of a price for a house (or even more). As a comparison, most world banks currently finance approximately 85 percent of a price. This was a really advantageous credit for borrowers – they received an opportunity not only to buy a house, but also to renovate it. However, such a loan was quite risky for lenders. A house could have been sold only for lower price in case a borrower failed to pay the loan back. Thus, the investment becomes lossmaking. However, the number of such deals was constantly increasing. As a result, both banks and estate agencies were financed by investment banks. Another factor was that mortgage rate was not stable. It was dependent on LIBOR, the average interest rate that the average leading bank would be charged if borrowing from other banks (Bischoff & McGagh, 2012). Benefits are obvious – borrowers expected their loan interest rate to decrease in case general situation is being improving. On the other hand, lenders expected it to grow together with the percentage. Thus, mortgage-lending system of the US in 2006-2008 was dependent on LIBOR index. It was acceptable when the index was a little bit increasing or slightly decreasing, though both parties were interested in its stability. However, LIBOR index turned to be quite changeable and instable in practice. It was about 6 percent by the end of 2007. What is more, it was continuously growing. As a result, borrowers were unable to pay back their loans. Investment banks bore thumping damages. That is how the US mortgage crisis appeared. Its effects may be felt even now. That is what set off chain reaction of

Rhetorical context assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rhetorical context assignment - Essay Example A poll, published the same day he delivered his speech, had it that only 26 per cent of the public approved his handling of the Vietnam War. With the rest 74 per cent being against his handling of the war, it was evident that majority were for the view that the United States should stop its bombardment of Northern Vietnam. The Pacifica Radio/UC Berkeley had reported that, the advisory body of current and retired President’s advisers that President Johnson constituted on Match 25 to 26, had advised him against increasing war troops in Vietnam in for peaceful negotiations. According to the HistoryPlace article titled, ‘President Lyndon Baines Johnson decides not to seek re-election’, there was popular and political erosion for the support of the war. The Democrats were against the decisions and led various demonstrations in America. Moreover, the Newshistory.com article titled ‘President Johnson Orders Air Strikes against North Vietnam’, had it that, th ere was a reason for America escalating the war on Vietnam because the Asian communists went on provoking America to shoot and bomb Northern Vietnam. In this case, there were different reactions on this topic according to different affiliations. As he stated in his speech, peaceful negotiations were the only way out, and this move was preferred by the rhetoric of the time. The rhetoric of stopping the Northern Vietnam bombardment and seeking peaceful negotiation inspired the president to deliver this speech. In this case, the rhetor was responding; to the idea that the bombardment of the Northern Vietnam should be de-escalated. Secondly the people’s opinion favored peaceful negotiations rather than war in approaching the situation in Vietnam. He used his speech to show the benefits of peaceful negotiations to the Northern Vietnam, a move which was meant to gladden the majority who were against his former stand. The rhetor was also aware that his

Management by exception Essay Example for Free

Management by exception Essay With the release of the new budget for year 9 from Competition Bikes, there are a couple of areas that are a concern that warrant being addressed. The first being the prediction of amount of bikes to be sold; Competition Bikes is expecting 3,510 units to be sold after a year 8 that sold only 3,400 units which was a 15% drop in sales from the year prior (which sold approximately 4,000 units) with zero drop in price point which may make it harder for customers to justify purchasing a bike in the current economy. Understandably, year 8 was in the middle of a recession and the economy could rebound for a productive year 9. However, with only an extra $984 being spent on advertisement, the expectations could fall short unless advertisement spending is increased to approximately the $2,000 range it was in year 7. Competition Bikes is putting themselves at risk for over ordering raw materials and a surplus of raw materials only takes up more storage space, which leads to extra money being spent for storage. There is also an issue with General and Administration Expenses. General and Admin expenses is the same amount as it was in year 8 ($170,000). However, in year 7, Competition Bikes spent $12,000 less and sold 600 more units then it did in year 8. Year 7 was proof that Competition Bikes has the ability to produce and sell a successful amount of bikes without having an extremely high operational cost. That extra $12,000 could be spread into other aspects such as: advertising, factory maintenance and even bonuses. 2. A flexible budget is a budget that adjusts or flexes for changes in the volume of activity† (Averkamp, 2013). A flexible budget is more useful than a static budget because it is based on actual output. The difference between an actual output and a budgeted amount is known as a variance. When the amount of the actual result is higher than budgeted, it is considered favorable, whereas when the budgeted amount turns out higher is unfavorable. Within the Competition Bikes flexible budget there are a few favorable variances, the first one of note being within Net Sales. The company had a budget of $5,247,250, with the flexible budget being $5,117,385, however the  final numbers were $5,096,847, which gives the company an unfavorable variance of -$130,065. Total Variable Cost however was a favorable expense. With a planned budget of $3,967,962 and a flexible budget of $3,869,612 the actual output was $3,805,400 the favorable variance came out to $98,349. Contribution margin was also an unfavorable variance (-$31,716). Advertising Expenses went over cost for an unfavorable variance of $3,754 from a standard budget of $28,412 and a flexible budget of $27,708. The extra money spent towards advertising may have been to help boost extra sales towards the end of the year. Transportation Out also went over its budget for an unfavorable variance by $5,607. However, there is more to the Transportation Out than what the budget says. The price of shipment is supposed to be $30 per unit and with 87 less units sold; there should be an extra $2,610 in the budget. This requires extra investigation. 2A. In terms of corrective action, the best course is to focus on where the points where there were unfavorable variances. A key point to that would be to also create realistic predictions of sales and budget. By predicting a high sales goal (one that exceeds the amount of units sold the year prior), Competition Bikes is potentially setting itself up for another down year. To prevent another unfavorable variance in Net Sales, which was affected by the unfavorable Actual Output of Units Sold. Although the projection output was missed by only 87 units, that totaled out to $130,065. It would behoove Competition Bikes to create realistic predictions (as stated above). Another idea would to be to examine the sales process. Compare and contrast what strategies were compared between the successful year 7 and the down year 8 to determine if any changes took place in the sales process and development. Competition Bikes should not have been as aggressive as they were following a down year. An improved variance here could also directly affect the Contribution Margin and Operating Income, which both were unfavorable. Advertising Expenses should be increased to the level of year 7. Competition Bikes lowered their budget for advertising but yet ended up spending more  anyway. With the economy still in a rut, the chances of hitting a high prediction is slim, especially with low advertising. Since fewer sponsors are using the products from Competition Bikes, it would be wise to advertise to a different market of users (i.e. college students, those who live in traffic congested cities (New York), bike cops, etc). Meanwhile, the transportation unfavorable variance could be fixed by determining what the additional costs were. Since the transportation cost per units is $30, with sales prediction 87 less than projected, that is $2,610 that could have put transportation costs into favorable. The additional costs could be because of rising fuel prices, toll roads, raises for drivers, etc. Many avenues have to be explored in the future to save money on transportation (renegotiate contracts, new source of transportation, new transportation company, etc.) 2B. â€Å"Management by exception is the practice of examining the financial and operational results of a business, and only bringing issues to the attention of management if results represent substantial differences from the budgeted or expected amount† (Steven Bragg, 2014). This practice can be effective as it leaves upper management with more serious issues. By utilizing accurate and up-to-date information, management can keep the budget on track and consistent with what was forecasted. One main target for Management By Exception is net sales. Breaking down the yearly goals into weekly or monthly targets will allow the company to better breakdown the trends and identify areas of need and growth. By monitoring the trend of sales, management can initiate discussions on how to improve sales and how to keep up with demand if sales are higher than expected. Competition Bikes would be wise to make start/restart contract negotiations to maintain consistent material and labor costs. Spending variance on materials was favorable but labor was unfavorable. If the price of the materials or labor increase substantially overtime, the budget could become more expensive, costing the company more money. Works Cited Averkamp, Harold. What is a flexible budget?. Learn Accounting Online for Free. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. . Bragg, Steven. What is management by exception? Questions Answers AccountingTools. What is management by exception? Questions Answers AccountingTools. N.p., 5 June 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. .

blue cross blue shield :: essays research papers

Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida (BCBSFL) Operating Services is Florida’s largest insurer, serving more than 6 million residents in total. Three trends that redefine how Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida brings value to its members are through consumer empowerment, E-business, and financial services modernization. BCBSFL holds approximately 30% of the HMO market share in Florida, which is twice the share of its nearest competitor. BCBSFL offers a BlueComplements program filled with discounts and services that allow members to stay healthy. Theses advantages include Healthy Alternatives, Vision One, TruVision, Hearx, GlobalFit, SafeTech, and Walgreens Mail Order Pharmacy. BCBSFL offer a Complementary Alternative Medicine Program that allows its member to select Alternative Health Providers such as Massage Therapists, Acupuncturists, and Chiropractors. Members may receive up to 25% savings or more by using an Alternative Health Provider in the American Specialty Health Networks in Florida and nationwide. BCBSFL members may also save 15-45% plus free standard shipping on thousands of health products. For example, vitamins, health-related books, tapes, smoking cessation, and herbal supplements. Vision One is a discount program that allow BCBSFL members to receive comprehensive vision care through a program offered by Cole Managed Vision, which offers savings on both eyes and on eyewear. Members pay $35 for an eye exam for eyeglasses and receive discounts of up to 60% off retail prices for frames and lenses. Also, since this a discounted program offered by Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Florida there is no claims to file for independent vision care centers throughout Florida. TruVision is a Laser Vision Correction Program offered by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida to those members who wish to have laser surgery to correct their vision. Affordable laser vision correction services are provided to members for a discounted fee for BCBSFL members of $895 per eye, and TruVisions offers 100% financing with approved credit. The services that TruVision cover are comprehensive eye exams, pre and postoperative care, and an enhancement warranty. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida Hearx program offers hearing care and hearing aids. Hearx is the largest hearing care organization accredited by the Joint Commission of Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Members receive free hearing examinations and 25% off any hearing aids purchased through Hearx. BCBSFL offer through Hearx offer tolerance testing, speech discrimination, risk consultation, annual cleanings, and hear aid checks at no charge. The GlobalFit Fitness Program at Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida allows valued members to receive discounted membership fees to top-rated fitness clubs.

Pacific Theatre in World War II

On 1 September 1939 the country of Germany led by Adolf Hitler invaded Poland using blitzkrieg tactics or in other words â€Å"lightning war†. As Germany is capturing Europe one country at a time Japan is doing the same except with Asia and Japan is also preparing for the attack of the United States naval base on the island of Oahu called Pearl Harbor. The attack on Pearl Harbor caused the United States to declare war on Japan, break isolationism and get deeply involved in World War II.On 7 December 1941 at 7:30 am army privates George Elliot and Joseph Lockard were operating in a radar station when they noticed a large amounts of aircraft incoming but they did not sound the alarm because there was supposed to be a group of B-17 bombers due to Pearl Harbor (Michael 10). At 8:00 am the words â€Å"Tora Tora Tora† sounded over Japanese radios meaning that the Japanese have achieved complete surprise on the Americans and that the attack was a go and the dive bombers starte d to drop their deadly payloads on the American airfields, aiming specifically for United States war planes (Michael 11).As the Japanese attacked the airfields they also simultaneously attacked the harbor with more dive bombers and torpedo planes equipped with torpedoes specially made for the shallow waters of the harbor (Michael 12). During all of the chaos a dive bomber dropped its deadly payload on to the USS Arizona, with a single bomb hit to the magazine, the whole bow of the ship was severed from the rest and 1,000 men died instantly (Michael 12). At 8:45 am even more Japanese torpedo planes and dive bombers attacked the harbor targeting repair yards and any other ships that the pilots saw.The attack was planned months before 7 December, the Japanese built a model of the actual harbor to help prepare for the attack and they practiced on it until each and every pilot knew exactly which target to hit and how to hit it and until they could achieve an 80% hit rate on the American ships (Michael 47). The task force the Japanese used consisted of 6 aircraft carriers each equipped with hundreds of planes and 20 other ships including battleships, heavy cruisers, destroyers and a few submarines (Michael 49).The attack killed 2,388 Americans and injured another 2,000, the attack destroyed 21 ships out of 92 total in the harbor, nearly 300 American aircraft were destroyed and only 29 Japanese aircraft were destroyed (Reid 219). The Americans were infuriated with the attack, they felt as if they were vulnerable and they wanted the United States government to declare war on Japan. On 8 December 1941 President Franklin D. Roosevelt makes a speech to congress asking them to declare a state of war on Japan. Later that day with a vote of 388 to 1 the United States is at war with Japan.The industry skyrocketed as the United States prepares for war; everything from food to weapons is rationed and made in a method called mass production. On 9 December 1941 Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. The United States is now deeply involved in World War II, but the United States has a difficult decision to make whether or not they should concentrate their forces over in Europe to fight the Italians and Germans or concentrate their forces in the Pacific and get revenge on the Japanese and avenge Pearl Harbor.On 8 April 1942 Lieutenant Colonel James H. Doolittle launched an air attack consisting of B-25 medium range bombers. The attack was designed to inflict damage on Tokyo and to destroy the Japanese morale and avenge Pearl Harbor. The plan was for 16 B-25s to be launched off the coast of Japan and their mission was to bomb the city of Tokyo and land on American air bases in China. Most of the 16 B-25s, each with a five-man crew, attacked the Tokyo area, with a few hitting Nagoya (â€Å"The Doolittle Raid†).However none of the planes made it to China and most of the crews were captured, but this attack was considered a success because it deeply embarrassed the Japanese High Command and it greatly boosted the morale of the Americans, this attack would lead to the desire of the Japanese to completely destroy the American aircraft carriers and would lead to the Japanese defeat in Midway a month later. The Battle of Midway was fought over and near the tiny United States’ mid-pacific base at the Midway island atoll.The objective of the Japanese was to draw out and destroy the Unites States aircraft carrier striking forces which had embarrassed the Japanese in the Doolittle Raid. The Japanese’s plan was to soften up the defenses on Midway, invade it, capture the island and hope that the United States would come out with their aircraft carriers in order to take back the island and the Japanese would the quickly destroy them and have a decisive victory.However, the United States had brilliant code breakers and knew exactly when, where and how the Japanese were going to strike so the Americans were waiting. On 7 June 1942, the Japanese with a force of 4 aircraft carriers, 2 battleships, 15 support ships and 248 carrier based aircraft started the attack. Starting with bombing the American base the Japanese weren’t able to soften up the American defenses well enough because the Americans had knew in advance that Japanese were coming so they built up their defenses and brought in additional reinforcements.As the Japanese were focusing their attacks on the island, the American aircraft carrier strike force consisting of 3 carriers, 7 heavy cruisers, 1 anti-aircraft cruiser, 15 destroyers, 233 carrier based aircraft and 16 submarines attacked the Japanese forces. After 4 days of bitter combat, the Americans had only lost 1 carrier, 1 destroyer, 150 aircraft, and 307 sailors and airmen, while on the Japanese side, they had lost 4 carriers, 1 cruiser, all of their aircraft, and 3,057 sailors and airmen (â€Å"Battle of Midway†).The Battle of Midway was a huge success in American c ode breaking and proving that the use of the aircraft carrier would definitely be a vital resource in the Pacific Theater (â€Å"Battle of Midway†). Three months later the Americans pressed forward setting their eyes on a near Australia called Guadalcanal. This battle would be the first allied offensive on the Empire of Japan. On 7 August 1942 American forces landed on the islands of Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida in the southern Solomon Islands with the objective of denying their use by the Japanese to threaten the supply and communication routes between the US, Australia, and New Zealand.The Allies also intended to use Guadalcanal and Tulagi as bases to support a campaign to eventually capture or neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabal on New Britain (â€Å"Battle of Guadalcanal†). Powerful United States naval forces had supported the landings. Surprised by the Allied offensive, the Japanese made several attempts between August and November 1942 to retake Hende rson Field. Three major land battles, seven large navalbattles, and continual, almost daily aerial battles culminated in the decisive Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in early November 1942, in which the last Japanese attempt to bombard Henderson Field from the sea and land with enough troops to retake it was defeated. In December 1942, the Japanese abandoned further efforts to retake Guadalcanal and evacuated their remaining forces by 7 February 1943 in the face of an offensive by the US Army's XIV Corps, securing the island to the Allies.The Americans originally started with a strength of 60,000 men and lost 7,100 while the Japanese forces were almost completely wiped out, starting out with only 36,200 they had lost 32,000 (â€Å"Battle of Guadalcanal†). The Guadalcanal campaign was a significant strategic combined arms victory by Allied forces over the Japanese in the Pacific theatre The Battle of the Philippines was the American campaign that lasted from 1944-1945 and the obje ctive was to completely expel the Imperial Japanese Forces occupying this long chain of islands that was captured by the Japanese during the first half of 1942.The Battle of the Philippines started on 20 October 1944 with the amphibious landings on the eastern Philippine island of Leyte. The operation would last through the end of the war in august of 1945. During this campaign the Japanese showed how desperate they were in not giving up when they started utilizing kamikaze attacks where they would purposely fly planes equipped with explosives into the American forces. This campaign was very successful however, because the Americans had driven out the Japanese and liberated the Philippines.The Battle of Iwo Jima fought on 19 February through 26 March 1945 was a major battle in which the United States Armed Forces fought for and captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Japanese Empire. The American invasion had the goal of capturing the entire island, including its three airfields, t o provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five-week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the War in the Pacific of World War II.After the heavy losses incurred in the battle, the strategic value of the island became controversial. It was useless to the Army as a staging base and useless to the Navy as a fleet base; however it was of limited use by the United States Army Air Force only for emergency landing of planes coming back from missions over Japan. The Japanese positions on the island were heavily fortified, with a large network of bunkers, hidden artillery positions in the mountains, and nearly 11 miles of underground tunnels.This invasion was the first American attack on Japanese home territory, and the Japanese soldiers and marines defended their positions tenaciously with no thought of surrender. The Americans had a force of 70,000 marines and had high losses of 6,821 killed and 19,217 wounded. The Japanese, however h ad a smaller force of 22,060 soldiers and lost 18,844, but they had nearly 3,000 in hiding until long past the end of the war and because of their extensive network or tunnels and bunkers they were able to inflict heavy damage on the Americans (â€Å"Battle of Iwo Jima).Later in the summer of 1944 the United States had set their eyes on the largest island in the Marianas, Guam. There was a major strategic advantage of Guam because of its very large size and its location to the Japanese mainland mad it ideal for the American forces to establish airfields for B-29 Superfortress long range bombers. Guam, ringed by reefs, cliffs, and heavy surf, presents a formidable challenge for an attacker. But despite the obstacles, on July 21, the Americans landed on both sides of the Orote peninsula on the western side of Guam, planning to cut off the airfield.By nightfall the Americans had established beachheads about 2,000 meters deep, Japanese counter-attacks were made throughout the first few days of the battle, mostly at night, using infiltration tactics. Several times they penetrated the American defenses and were driven back with heavy loss of men and equipment. Rain and thick jungle made conditions difficult for the Americans, but after an engagement at Mount Barrigada from August 2 to August 4, the Japanese line collapsed; the rest of the battle was a pursuit to the north.As in other battles of the Pacific War, the Japanese refused to surrender, and almost all were killed. On August 10, after 3 long weeks of bloody and ferocious fighting, organized Japanese resistance ended, and Guam was declared secure. The Battle of Okinawa was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Theatre. The 82-day-long battle lasted from early April until mid-June 1945. After a long campaign of island hopping, the Allies were approaching Japan,  and planned to use Okinawa, a large island only 340 mi away from mainland Japan, as a base for air operations on the planned invasion of Ja panese mainland.Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage, troop staging areas, and airfields in close proximity to Japan. The U. S. cleared the surrounding waters of mines in Operation Zebra, occupied Okinawa, and set up the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands, a form of military government, after the battle. The Americans started out with 183,000 men and by the end of the battle 12,000 were killed and 38,000 were wounded.The Japanese started out with 160,000 men and more than 110,000 were killed and 7,000 were captured (â€Å"The Battle of Okinawa†). While the Pacific war rages, the United States had conducted many air raids on Japan during World War II, causing extensive destruction to the country's cities and killing anywhere from 241,000 to 900,000 people. From June 1944 until January 1945, B-29s stationed in India staged through bases in China to make a series of raids on Japan, but this effort proved unsuccessful.The strategic bombing campaign was greatly expanded from November 1944 when bases in the Mariana Islands became available as a result of the Mariana Islands Campaign. The air raids concentrated mainly on industrial facilities but the fire bombings were concentrated on the civilian population since most of the homes were made from paper and wood (â€Å"Skies on fire†). With the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 the United States was ultimately forces to break isolationism and get very involve in World War II.From the Doolittle raid in 1942 to the massive bombing campaigns in 1945, from the battle of Midway to the invasion of Okinawa, the United States was very involved in the Pacific theatre and the loss of life was very high. Along with the Pacific Theatre the United States also had a very high death toll in the European Theatre but not as high of one as in the Pacific. Had the Japanese not have attacked Pearl Harbor, the turn out of the war could have been so much different and the United States probably would not have gotten involved until late in the war like they did in World War I

Organizational Level Outputs

Organizational Level Outputs Outputs Diagnosis Executive Summary The Purpose for this summary is to provide you with the findings of my analysis on Skype’s organizational outputs covering the Organizational, Group and the Individual level. Skype is a new Microsoft Division, which provides low cost fee calls to landlines and mobile phone not registered within Skype, using the Peer to Peer technology and its latest version (5. 10. 0. 15) which has the capability to support nearly any computer operating system including mobile device with the ability to connect to the internet, giving the user the ability to make free Skype-to-Skype calls, Video, Instant Messaging. Skype’s customers can be broken down into three main groups: Freemium service users, Low cost users, and the Business category, currently with over 40 million concurrent users online, (Malik, O. 9 May 2012).With over 800 employees which consist of: Product Development, Sales and Marketing, Site Operations, Custo mer Support, with most of the development team at its headquarters in Luxemburg and 44% of the overall employees situated in Tallinn and Tartu, Estonia additionally Microsoft announce in mid April 2012 their intention to add 400 new employees which will spread across five major cities starting with London, and Stockholm along with Palo Alto Prague and Tallinn.David Nadler’s and Michael Tushman’s congruence Model, explains that organizations are made up of groups and individuals each, responsible for his/her own for outputs in support the overall organization’s strategy, (Nadler,D. A. & Tushman, M. L. 1980). Thus, this model will be useful in my evaluation of how Skype’s outputs at each level interact with each other, while providing you with my determination of the level of congruence among the same. Organizational Level Outputs Skype’s provides low cost fee calls to landlines and mobile phone not registered within Skype, using the Peer to Peer tec hnology and its latest ersion (5. 10. 0. 115) which has the capability to support nearly any computer operating system including mobile device with the ability to connect to the internet, giving the user the ability to make free Skype-to-Skype calls, Video, Instant Messaging world-wide, which includes individual and business groups, additionally, Skype sells its own products which include: Microphones, headsets, WiFi Phones to name a few. While Skype’s Mission remains unchanged, and maintains it goal to continue to increase the number of users, revenue and profitability and includes four Objectives: 1.Continue to grow the connected and paying user base. 2. Increase the usage of the free and paid products and to extend the relationship between Skype and its users. 3. Develop new monetization models, to include advertizing. 4. Broaden user base to include more business users. Meeting the Goals The figure shows how Skype is meeting the intended goals through the number of indivi dual users as well as business entities which vary from small to medium and the way it has been reaching new customers via the embedded application in appliances such as television sets and other mobile devices.Thus at first glance it appears Skype is meeting the intended goals by reaching the two groups globally. Group Level outputs Skype’s organizational structure is much defined as it differentiates each department: Product Development has consistently stayed up to date with technology and in some cases ahead of the competition since the introduction of video calling, which gained high penetration on handheld devices including personal computers and other electronic devices, while continuing to develop products for business customers.Allowing for Sales and marketing to diversify revenue through subscriptions premium accounts including advertising, which through the first six months in 2010 Skype earned $13. 1 million on $406. 2 million of sales representing 25% year over y ear revenue growth. (Frommer, D. Aug 2010). Site Operations, this team performs routine functions and solutions, these are the employees who ensure people have the roadmap in how Skype operates, as well as planning future operations working along with the development teams handling system interruptions.Kaili Kleemer Skype’s Site Operations Manager includes in the interview her desire to take Skype to the next level which is to move from away from manual software and hardware deployment. â€Å"We don't want to be the people who push a button manually and restart the server to fix problems. Instead, we have been moving everything we can to automated systems more closely integrated with the applications our product engineering teams develop. We've been pushing for a move towards Development Operations (DevOps) and working more closely with those teams at the application level. (Skype, June 2012). Customer Support, is Skype’s weakest link yet, reports of dissatisfied cust omers that extend as far back as 2005 and as current as of 17 Aug, 2012. Figure2. Shows Skype’s ranking at 535 out of 553 companies that have a Customer Service Scoreboard. com rating, which depicts Skype’s customer service as terrible, while the list of dissatisfaction goes on and on, by now you would have thought Skype could dedicate real people to provide this service and not the automated response, which is better than no response at all.Key Individual Functions Individual Skills and Knowledge vary from position and departments for example, software engineering who is assigned to the development department is charged with managing and leading a team of software engineers of greater than six people, improving and developing team processes and engineering practices while working closely with product mangers which drive and implement product strategy. Thus the desired output is explicitly upfront in the job description.Individual performance is sort of unique, specifi cally for those who are geographically dislocated from the supervisors and is set on goals and reachable outcomes agreed upon by the subordinate and supervisor. (Gonzalez, R; Koizumi,D; Kusiak, K. May 2011). Outputs Congruence Overall the congruence between the three levels, based on my analysis is low and that is because only two of the levels have some form of interaction, at the organizational level and the group level.While the individual level doesn’t seem to have as much interaction as it should, Naddler’s concept of congruence requires consistency or fit between each pair of organizational inputs. (Nadler,D. A. & Tushman, M. L. 1980). Therefore to produce an output that meets the overall organizational strategy all groups must fit. In the case of Skype in which the customer service dissatisfaction indicates the individual group is not consistent with the others, in fact there is no clear definition as to who or what department handles such customer grievances.On the other hand when one looks at the individual functions, the job description does fit into Skype’s goals and objectives. However, it appears, when it gets to the actual execution, it is not followed through. Conclusion the Congruence model provides a way for organization to establish processes which allow departments to show that when working as a unit they results can be effective and provides the organization a better way to manage all groups or departments without leaving one behind, as in my opinion is the case with Skype.Reference Caukin, J. (June, 2012). Day in the Life of a Skype Operations Manager. Accessed, 7 Aug, 2012. From: http://blogs. skype. com/en/2012/06/day_in_the_life_of_a_skype_sit. html CustomerServiceScoreboard. (Aug, 2012). Skype Customer Service. Accessed 18 Aug, 2012. From: http://www. customerservicescoreboard. com/Skype Frommer, D (Aug 2010). Chart of the Day: Skype is a real, Live Growth Company. Accessed 9 Aug, 2012. From: http://www. businessin sider. om/chart-of-the-day-skype-is-a-real-live-growth-company-2010-8 Gonzalez, R; Koizumi,D; Kusiak, K. (May 2011). eHRM and its Outcomes: A Study of Relational e-HRM in Multinational Companies. Retrieved 18 Aug 2012. From: http://www. scribd. com/doc/76891246/60/E-performance-Appraisal Malik, O (9 May 2012) Skype’s present is secure, its future is not. Retrieved (16 July 2012) from: http://gigaom. com/2012/05/29/skypes-present-is-secure-its-future-is-not/? utm_source%3Dsocial%26utm_medium%3Dtwitter%26utm_campaign%3Dgigaom Nadler, D. A.

Civil Disobedience and Its Effects on Our Society essays

Civil Disobedience and Its Effects on Our Society essays Civil Disobedience and Its Effects on Our Society To uphold the standards of living in our culture, we as citizens are asked to make laws and decisions to better our society. However, often times the laws and decision that we make limit one group in our society thus making us a culture that has several different types of laws. According to Martin Luther King, in his piece, Letter From Birmingham Jail, written on April 16, 1963, there are two types of laws that exist today in our society. There is a just law, one that is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow and that it is willing to follow itself. This law seems fair to many in our society, and many believe that it is the code under which we should live by. However, while many hold this view, few still side with the unjust law, one that is a numerical code or power majority group compels and minority group to obey but does not make it binding on itself. During the time that Dr. King wrote this piece, our country was in chaos as the south was suppressing its black community by placing these sorts of unjust laws on their citizens. This time saw blacks being forced to sit in the back of buses, drink from their own water fountains, being publicly humiliated in front of citizens as they were turned away from restaurants and other facilities that clearly stated no color people would be allowed to enter their premises. While many of the adults understood these practices, it was their children that were most affected by this segregation. For example, as King stated in the text, you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she cant go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children. (p. 659). While this example of segregation and civil dis ...

Blaming Khrushchev for the Cuban Missile Crisis Is Wrong

Blaming khrushchev for the Cuban missile crisis is wrong, for it is kennedy who precipitated the crisis and no one else. Cuban missile crisis does not consist only the placement of missiles in cuba , but also the things before it, cubas nationalization of industries ,like the bop, the embargoes , the soviet giving of aid to ussr, Subject: outbreak / origins of the Cuban missile crisis Focus: role of superpower involvement Timeframe : 1959 to 1962 Keyterms to note: precipitation of crisis Arguments 1. Khrushchev was to be blamed as well as kennedy 2. Only krushchev should be blamed The personalities of who was to be blamed for the Cuban missile crisis can be traced as one looks at the events in th1950s which led to Cubas deteriorating relations with the USA and its subsequent alignment with the USSR, which led to the placement of missiles in Cuba and the consequent tensions that followed. This relations has its origins in the quest for self interest by newly elected leader, Fido Castro, as while as search for national security by both superpowers from the tension passed down from the cold war in Europe ( qualify). Kennedys search for national security precipitated the crisis when his search translated into actions that directly went against Cuba and pushed Cuba away from the US and into support of the USSR. Kennedy failed to consider that Castros intention to establishing diplomatic relations with the USSR was not to antagonize the US or threaten its national security but mostly for economic benefits. ( the US had earlier refused to grant a loan to Cuba and there were continuing disputes over American property in Cuba). This failure to interpret events correctly led US on its intense quest for national security by instituting economic embargoes on Cuba and direct intervention as seen in the Bay of Pigs invasion. However, such actions were needlessly aggressive for its national security was not threatened in the first place. This however caused a deep rift in the US-soviet relations which was an opportunity for USSR to gain a foothold in the Caribbean ; and thus allowed the opportunity for issiles to be placed on Cuba and arising to the tensions that followed. Khrushchev had a part to play in the Cuba missile crisis as well because his action of giving aid to Cuba, a traditional backyard of the USSR, further fuelled the already intense mistrust the US had of the USSR; eventually cumulating in the Cuban missile crisis, leaving Cuba on the edge of brinkmanship. The role of Castro in starting economic reforms directly affecting American industries also contributed to the US suspicions in the crisis. His actions of turning to the USSR for economic aid ( even though he was not communist) also reinforced US perceptions, and his final agreement for missiles to be placed in Cuba (although he knew the implications of doing so) was the ultimate trigger for USs knee-jerk response and the subsequent tensions that followed. Kennedys misinterpretation of Castros actions ( aligning close to the USSR)-as threatening its national security- stemmed from his perception of monolithic communist aggression and the loss of china to communism. communism expousedeventual showdown and triumph over capitalism. Communism has already extended to parts outside Europe such as China, and as such national insecurity has grown; thus the need to safeguard their national security. This misinterpretation of Castros actions , coupled with Kennedys inexperience in dealing with world affairs, caused the US to embark on its quest for national security through economic embargoes on Cuba the initial bay of pigs as a direct intervention . However, such actions were needlessly aggressive for its national security was not threatened in the first place when castros intentions were for economic benefits rather than to deliberately antagonize the US. Furthermore, due to his inexperience,Instead of turning to diplomatic action, kennedy set on the institution of a military solution (With the aim was to oust Castro from power and to reverse the effects of the reforms) caused Castros fear of more direct American intervention ( demonstrated by the case of Guatamalan) and the desire for military protection in anticipation of it and to seek protection from future efforts to unseat his revolution. This further motivated Castros shift to the USSR and his subsequent nationalizing of American owned industries, banks, etc, which created the conditions for the Cuban missile crisis to happen. Castros shift to the USSR directly coincided with Khrushchevs quest for a successful foreign policy and need to address nuclear strategic imbalance. Khrushchevs search for USSRs national security could be traced from the need to spread the Solidarity movement worldwide, to extend communist zeal into Cuba so that there would be countries supporting USSR and its line of communism. his need aroused due to events like the humiliation of the Berlin wall and the failed ultimatum over berlin, where the credibility of krushchev (in narrow terms) and Khrushchev( in broad terms) was lost. Krushchev also believed that it was right for soviets to extend their influence into the backyard of the us since the US has extended their influence in Europe. khrushchevwas aware of the weakness of Soviet weakness in terms of the number of nuclear warheads and missiles. Given the weakness of Soviet nuclear capability , placing missiles on cuba could be a quick solution to addressing the strategic imbalance. Khrushchev also had an overtly simplistic view that he must return the same medicine the us had been administering in turkey with the jupiter and thor missiles. thus his action of sending missiles to Cuba. However, the US did not see developments in the way that the USSR did. The US saw the placement of missiles as a provocative and aggressive threat to US security, given that the Soviet missiles could reach major US cities on the eastern coast. The fact that the US had seen Soviet tendencies to lead to aggression against the capitalists from the soviet testing of the atomic bomb, the collaboration with stalin during the nazi soviet pact, and the confrontational Berlin Blockade led the US to think that not only was Cuba turning communist ( that the USSR had indeed extended her sphere of influence and Cuba was a breeding ground for states hostile to the US, followed by states within Latin america), but the placement of missiles would mean a high probability of a pre-emptive first strike from the USSR . Put together with the fact that any changes with the political status qup (with US as a leading political power) would severely undermine the credibility of kennedy and america, and how the US was not prepared to forsake economic interests in Latin America where western Europe can overcome its dollar shortage and pursue economic revival, atop of its search for national security, the uss response was to choose a quarantine. alsothey to produce plans for an American invasion of Cuba and put all American bases around the world on high alert with the expectation that an American nvasion of cuba would provoke a soviet response in Europe. This equated to the intensification of the nuclear arms race when clearly it was dangerous; and led the countries to be on the edge of mutually assured destruction. as it reached crisis level It threatened the existence of the entire world. While it is undeniable that the issue that kickstarted the intensification of the nuclear arms was the soviet placem ent of missiles in cuba, it should be noted that both superpowers played a part in their quest for national security and self-interest. Kennedys perception of monolithic communist aggression led it to its attempts to try to cripple Cuba to prevent it from posing any threat to the US national security through the institution of actions that were needlessly hostile towards Cuba, causing it to turn to the USSR. This granted the USSR the opportunity to place its missiles there to address nuclear strategic parity and to spread the zeal of communism to safeguard its national security; which was again viewed as aggression by the US. This led to the oncoming of the Cuban missile crisis, where the nuclear arms race threatened the existence of the entire world.

History of African American and European American Families Article

History of African American and European American Families - Article Example These families were ruled by the father where they control women, men mainly called the puritan fathers were the representatives of their families in the political and social affairs of the community. Additionally they had the legal right to choose a spouse for their children. Then puritan family were self sufficient economically since they were large where all the members of the family contributed to the surfaces needed for production. United States also known as the diversity nation, the African American people who also form a large percentage of American population went through for stages in their Americas. These were, slavery that lasted from colonial times until the end of civil war most of these people mainly lived in the south, during their slavery, nuclear family was common. However, the slavery interrupted their organization since they had to freedom to do what they wanted. Slave parents also had no rights in regard to their children. Slave owner treated men and women the same way where any work could have been allocated to either, through peaceful means African Americans fought for their equity which they latter got after a hard